問題詳情：
“The main surprise is how widespread the effects were,” says senior author Martin Genner, an evolutionary ecologist at the University of Bristol. “We found the same trend across all groups of marine life we looked at, from small forms of plants and animals to marine invertebrates ( 無脊椎動物 ), and from fish to seabirds.”
The new study builds on early evidence of the impact of climate changes on the distribution, diversity and seasonality of marine species. Based on those findings, Genner’s team reasoned that marine species should be doing well at the leading (pole-ward) edge of their ranges but poorly at their trailing (equator-ward) side. They also realized that existing global species distribution databases could be used to test this idea.
Based on a thorough search of available data in the literature, the researchers now report on a global analysis of diversity trends for 304 widely distributed marine species over the last century. The results show that — just as predicted — diversity increases have been most obvious where sampling has taken place at the pole-ward side of species ranges, while diversity declines have been greatest where sampling has taken place at the equator-ward side of species ranges.
The findings show that large-scale changes in the diversity of species are well underway. They also suggest that marine species haven’t managed to adapt to warmer conditions. The researchers therefore suggest that projected sea temperature increases of up to 1.5°C over pre-industrial levels by 2050 will continue to lead to shifts in the diversity of marine species, including those of importance for coastal livelihoods.
“This matters because it means that climate changes are not only leading to diversity changes, but naturally affecting the performance of species locally,” Genner says. “We’re seeing fewer and fewer species like emperor penguins as water becomes too warm at their equator-ward edge, and we see some fish such as European seabass growing well at their pole-ward edge where historically they were uncommon.”
The results show that the effects of climate changes on marine species are highly uniform and not a little . “While some marine life may benefit as the ocean warms, the findings point toward a future in which we will also see continued loss of marine life,” Genner says.
1 ． According to the passage, what did Genner’s team conclude?
A ． Climate changes have a great effect on the growth of fish.
B ． Species data can be used to test the study.
C ． Arctic marine species grow better than those at the equator.
D ． Marine species can adapt to the warm environment.
2 ． Which of the following is true according to the passage?
A ． Some sea creatures may benefit from warming oceans.
B ． Climate Changes have little to do with the richness of species.
C ． The effect of climate changes on marine life has improved.
D ． Marine life will benefit from ocean warming in the future.
3 ． What does the underlined part of the last paragraph mean?
A ． similar and slight B ． nowhere and a little bit
C ． everywhere and enormous D ． nothing and uneventful
4 ． Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?
A ． Study of the Disappearance of Marine life.
B ． Impact of Climate Changes on Marine Species.
C ． Analysis of Species Distribution Database.
D ． Comparative Analysis of Ocean Temperatures.
【回答】
1 ． C
2 ． A
3 ． C
4 ． B
【分析】
這是一篇說明文。文章主要講述了氣候變化對海洋物種的影響是巨大的。雖然一些海洋生物可能會因氣候變暖而受益，但在氣候變化的影響下海洋生物在未來還是會繼續消失。
1 ．推理判斷題。根據文章第二段內容 “Based on those findings, Genner’s team reasoned that marine species should be doing well at the leading (pole-ward) edge of their ranges but poorly at their trailing (equator-ward) side.( 基於這些發現， Genner 的研究小組推斷，海洋物種應該在它們活動範圍的最前端 —— 向極地方向生長得很好，但在它們活動範圍的末尾 —— 向赤道方向生長得很差。 )” 可知，在極地的海洋生物應是比在赤道生活的海洋生物生長的好，由此可知，選項 C“Arctic marine species grow better than those at the equator.( 北極的海洋物種比赤道的物種生長得更好。 )” 是基於原文的合理推斷。故選 C 項。
2 ．細節理解題。根據文章第五段內容 “…we see some fish such as European seabass growing well at their pole-ward edge where historically they were uncommon.( 我們看到一些魚類，如歐洲鱸魚，在它們的極地生長得很好，在歷史上，它們並不常見。 )” 可知，在氣候變暖的情況下，一些歷史上並不常見的海洋魚類，比如歐洲鱸魚反而生長得很好。根據最後一段 “While some marine life may benefit as the ocean warms,” 雖然隨着海洋變暖，一些海洋生物可能會受益由此可知，選項 A“Some sea creatures may benefit from warming oceans.( 一些海洋生物可能受益於海洋變暖。 )” 爲基於原文資訊的合理論述。故選 A 項。
3 ．詞義猜測題。分析可知，文章結構爲總分總結構，末尾段內容與首段內容相呼應，劃線短語所在句 “The results show that the effects of climate changes on marine species are highly uniform and not a little .” 再次點明文章的主旨要義，即首段提到的 “The main surprise is how widespread the effects were( 最令人驚訝的是這種影響有多廣泛 )” ，由此可推知，劃線短語 “highly uniform and not a little” 應是與 “widespread” 相呼應，即強調氣候變暖影響的 “ 廣泛且影響力巨大 ” ，與選項 C“everywhere and enormous” 表達含義一致。故選 C 項。
4 ．主旨大意題。根據第一段 “The main surprise is how widespread the effects were,” says senior author Martin Genner, an evolutionary ecologist at the University of Bristol. “We found the same trend across all groups of marine life we looked at, from small forms of plants and animals to marine invertebrates, and from fish to seabirds.( 布裏斯托爾大學進化生態學家、資深作者 Martin Genner 說： “ 最令人驚訝的是，這種影響的範圍之廣。 ”“ 我們發現，從小型植物和動物到海洋無脊椎動物，從魚類到海鳥，所有海洋生物羣體都存在同樣的趨勢。 )” 再根據第二段 “The new study builds on early evidence of the impact of climate changes on the distribution, diversity and seasonality of marine species.” 這項新的研究建立在氣候變化對海洋物種分佈、多樣*和季節*影響的早期*據之上，由此可知，文章主語圍繞氣候變暖對海洋生物的影響而進行闡述說明的。選項 B“Impact of Climate Changes on Marine Species.( 氣候變化對海洋物種的影響。 )” 合理概括了文章主題，可作最佳標題。故選 B 項。
知識點：科普知識與現代技術
題型：閱讀理解
